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><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="FUNCTIONS-STRING"
>9.4. String Functions and Operators</A
></H1
><P
>    This section describes functions and operators for examining and
    manipulating string values.  Strings in this context include values
    of the types <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>character</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>character varying</TT
>,
    and <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>.  Unless otherwise noted, all
    of the functions listed below work on all of these types, but be
    wary of potential effects of automatic space-padding when using the
    <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>character</TT
> type.  Some functions also exist
    natively for the bit-string types.
   </P
><P
>    <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> defines some string functions that use
    key words, rather than commas, to separate
    arguments.  Details are in
    <A
HREF="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-SQL"
>Table 9-5</A
>.
    <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> also provides versions of these functions
    that use the regular function invocation syntax
    (see <A
HREF="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-OTHER"
>Table 9-6</A
>).
   </P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>     Before <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> 8.3, these functions would
     silently accept values of several non-string data types as well, due to
     the presence of implicit coercions from those data types to
     <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>.  Those coercions have been removed because they frequently
     caused surprising behaviors.  However, the string concatenation operator
     (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>||</TT
>) still accepts non-string input, so long as at least one
     input is of a string type, as shown in <A
HREF="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-SQL"
>Table 9-5</A
>.  For other cases, insert an explicit
     coercion to <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
> if you need to duplicate the previous behavior.
    </P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="FUNCTIONS-STRING-SQL"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 9-5. <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> String Functions and Operators</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><COL><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Function</TH
><TH
>Return Type</TH
><TH
>Description</TH
><TH
>Example</TH
><TH
>Result</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>||</TT
>
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
></TT
></TD
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
> </TD
><TD
>        String concatenation
        
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>'Post' || 'greSQL'</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>PostgreSQL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>||</TT
>
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>non-string</TT
></TT
>
        or
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>non-string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>||</TT
>
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
> </TD
><TD
>        String concatenation with one non-string input
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>'Value: ' || 42</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>Value: 42</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>bit_length(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
></TD
><TD
>Number of bits in string</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>bit_length('jose')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>32</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>char_length(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
> or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>character_length(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Number of characters in string
        
        
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>char_length('jose')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>4</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>lower(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>Convert string to lower case</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>lower('TOM')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>tom</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>octet_length(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
></TD
><TD
>Number of bytes in string</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>octet_length('jose')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>4</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>overlay(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> placing <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> from <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
> [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>for <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
></SPAN
>])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Replace substring
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>overlay('Txxxxas' placing 'hom' from 2 for 4)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>Thomas</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>position(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>substring</TT
> in <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
></TD
><TD
>Location of specified substring</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>position('om' in 'Thomas')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>3</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>substring(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>from <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
></SPAN
>] [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>for <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
></SPAN
>])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Extract substring
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>substring('Thomas' from 2 for 3)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>hom</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>substring(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> from <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>pattern</I
></TT
>)</CODE
></TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Extract substring matching POSIX regular expression. See
        <A
HREF="functions-matching.html"
>Section 9.7</A
> for more information on pattern
        matching.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>substring('Thomas' from '...$')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mas</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>substring(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> from <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>pattern</I
></TT
> for <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>escape</I
></TT
>)</CODE
></TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Extract substring matching <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> regular expression.
        See <A
HREF="functions-matching.html"
>Section 9.7</A
> for more information on
        pattern matching.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>substring('Thomas' from '%#"o_a#"_' for '#')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>oma</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>trim([<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>leading | trailing | both</SPAN
>]
        [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>characters</TT
></SPAN
>] from
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Remove the longest string containing only the
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>characters</TT
> (a space by default) from the
        start/end/both ends of the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>trim(both 'x' from 'xTomxx')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>Tom</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>upper(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>Convert string to upper case</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>upper('tom')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TOM</TT
></TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>    Additional string manipulation functions are available and are
    listed in <A
HREF="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-OTHER"
>Table 9-6</A
>.  Some of them are used internally to implement the
    <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
>-standard string functions listed in <A
HREF="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-SQL"
>Table 9-5</A
>.
   </P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="FUNCTIONS-STRING-OTHER"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 9-6. Other String Functions</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><COL><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Function</TH
><TH
>Return Type</TH
><TH
>Description</TH
><TH
>Example</TH
><TH
>Result</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>ascii(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
></TD
><TD
>        <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>ASCII</ACRONYM
> code of the first character of the
        argument.  For <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>UTF8</ACRONYM
> returns the Unicode code
        point of the character.  For other multibyte encodings, the
        argument must be an <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>ASCII</ACRONYM
> character.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ascii('x')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>120</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>btrim(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>
        [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>characters</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></SPAN
>])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Remove the longest string consisting only of characters
        in <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>characters</TT
> (a space by default)
        from the start and end of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>btrim('xyxtrimyyx', 'xy')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>trim</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>chr(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Character with the given code. For <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>UTF8</ACRONYM
> the
        argument is treated as a Unicode code point. For other multibyte
        encodings the argument must designate an
        <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>ASCII</ACRONYM
> character.  The NULL (0) character is not
        allowed because text data types cannot store such bytes.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>chr(65)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>A</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>concat(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>str</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>"any"</TT
>
         [, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>str</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>"any"</TT
> [, ...] ])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Concatenate all arguments. NULL arguments are ignored.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>concat('abcde', 2, NULL, 22)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>abcde222</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>concat_ws(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>sep</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>str</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>"any"</TT
>
        [, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>str</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>"any"</TT
> [, ...] ])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Concatenate all but first arguments with separators. The first
        parameter is used as a separator. NULL arguments are ignored.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>concat_ws(',', 'abcde', 2, NULL, 22)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>abcde,2,22</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>convert(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>bytea</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>src_encoding</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>name</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>dest_encoding</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>name</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>bytea</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Convert string to <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>dest_encoding</TT
>.  The
        original encoding is specified by
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>src_encoding</TT
>. The
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> must be valid in this encoding.
        Conversions can be defined by <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE CONVERSION</TT
>.
        Also there are some predefined conversions. See <A
HREF="functions-string.html#CONVERSION-NAMES"
>Table 9-7</A
> for available conversions.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>convert('text_in_utf8', 'UTF8', 'LATIN1')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>text_in_utf8</TT
> represented in Latin-1
       encoding (ISO 8859-1)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>convert_from(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>bytea</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>src_encoding</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>name</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Convert string to the database encoding.  The original encoding
        is specified by <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>src_encoding</TT
>. The
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> must be valid in this encoding.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>convert_from('text_in_utf8', 'UTF8')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>text_in_utf8</TT
> represented in the current database encoding</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>convert_to(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>dest_encoding</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>name</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>bytea</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Convert string to <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>dest_encoding</TT
>.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>convert_to('some text', 'UTF8')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>some text</TT
> represented in the UTF8 encoding</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>decode(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>format</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>bytea</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Decode binary data from textual representation in <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>.
        Options for <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>format</TT
> are same as in <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>encode</CODE
>.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>decode('MTIzAAE=', 'base64')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\x3132330001</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>encode(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>data</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>bytea</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>format</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Encode binary data into a textual representation.  Supported
        formats are: <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>base64</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>hex</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>escape</TT
>.
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>escape</TT
> merely outputs null bytes as <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\000</TT
> and
        doubles backslashes.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>encode(E'123\\000\\001', 'base64')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MTIzAAE=</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><A
NAME="FORMAT"
></A
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>format</CODE
>(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>formatstr</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>
        [, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>str</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>"any"</TT
> [, ...] ])</TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>         Format a string.  This function is similar to the C function
         <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>sprintf</CODE
>; but only the following conversion specifications
         are recognized: <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%s</TT
> interpolates the corresponding
         argument as a string; <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%I</TT
> escapes its argument as
         an SQL identifier; <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%L</TT
> escapes its argument as an
         SQL literal; <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%%</TT
> outputs a literal <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%</TT
>.
         A conversion can reference an explicit parameter position by preceding
         the conversion specifier with <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>n</I
></TT
>$</TT
>, where
         <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>n</I
></TT
> is the argument position.
         See also <A
HREF="plpgsql-statements.html#PLPGSQL-QUOTE-LITERAL-EXAMPLE"
>Example 39-1</A
>.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>format('Hello %s, %1$s', 'World')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>Hello World, World</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>initcap(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Convert the first letter of each word to upper case and the
        rest to lower case. Words are sequences of alphanumeric
        characters separated by non-alphanumeric characters.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>initcap('hi THOMAS')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>Hi Thomas</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>left(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>str</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>n</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Return first <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>n</I
></TT
> characters in the string. When <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>n</I
></TT
>
        is negative, return all but last |<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>n</I
></TT
>| characters.
        </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>left('abcde', 2)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ab</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>length(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Number of characters in <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>length('jose')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>4</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>length(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>bytea</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>encoding</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>name</TT
> )</CODE
></TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Number of characters in <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> in the given
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>encoding</TT
>. The <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>
        must be valid in this encoding.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>length('jose', 'UTF8')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>4</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>lpad(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>length</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>
        [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>fill</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></SPAN
>])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Fill up the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> to length
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>length</TT
> by prepending the characters
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>fill</TT
> (a space by default).  If the
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> is already longer than
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>length</TT
> then it is truncated (on the
        right).
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>lpad('hi', 5, 'xy')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>xyxhi</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>ltrim(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>
        [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>characters</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></SPAN
>])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Remove the longest string containing only characters from
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>characters</TT
> (a space by default) from the start of
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ltrim('zzzytrim', 'xyz')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>trim</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>md5(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Calculates the MD5 hash of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>,
        returning the result in hexadecimal
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>md5('abc')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>900150983cd24fb0 d6963f7d28e17f72</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_client_encoding()</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>name</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Current client encoding name
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>pg_client_encoding()</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQL_ASCII</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>quote_ident(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as an identifier
        in an <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> statement string.
        Quotes are added only if necessary (i.e., if the string contains
        non-identifier characters or would be case-folded).
        Embedded quotes are properly doubled.
        See also <A
HREF="plpgsql-statements.html#PLPGSQL-QUOTE-LITERAL-EXAMPLE"
>Example 39-1</A
>.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>quote_ident('Foo bar')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>"Foo bar"</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>quote_literal(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal
        in an <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> statement string.
        Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled.
        Note that <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>quote_literal</CODE
> returns null on null
        input; if the argument might be null,
        <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>quote_nullable</CODE
> is often more suitable.
        See also <A
HREF="plpgsql-statements.html#PLPGSQL-QUOTE-LITERAL-EXAMPLE"
>Example 39-1</A
>.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>quote_literal(E'O\'Reilly')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>'O''Reilly'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>quote_literal(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>value</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>anyelement</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Coerce the given value to text and then quote it as a literal.
        Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>quote_literal(42.5)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>'42.5'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>quote_nullable(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal
        in an <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> statement string; or, if the argument
        is null, return <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
>.
        Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled.
        See also <A
HREF="plpgsql-statements.html#PLPGSQL-QUOTE-LITERAL-EXAMPLE"
>Example 39-1</A
>.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>quote_nullable(NULL)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>quote_nullable(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>value</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>anyelement</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Coerce the given value to text and then quote it as a literal;
        or, if the argument is null, return <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
>.
        Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>quote_nullable(42.5)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>'42.5'</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>regexp_matches(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>pattern</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
> [, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>flags</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>setof text[]</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Return all captured substrings resulting from matching a POSIX regular
        expression against the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>. See
        <A
HREF="functions-matching.html#FUNCTIONS-POSIX-REGEXP"
>Section 9.7.3</A
> for more information.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', '(bar)(beque)')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>{bar,beque}</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>regexp_replace(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>pattern</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>replacement</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
> [, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>flags</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Replace substring(s) matching a POSIX regular expression. See
        <A
HREF="functions-matching.html#FUNCTIONS-POSIX-REGEXP"
>Section 9.7.3</A
> for more information.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>regexp_replace('Thomas', '.[mN]a.', 'M')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ThM</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>regexp_split_to_array(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>pattern</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
> [, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>flags</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
> ])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text[]</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Split <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> using a POSIX regular expression as
        the delimiter.  See <A
HREF="functions-matching.html#FUNCTIONS-POSIX-REGEXP"
>Section 9.7.3</A
> for more
        information.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>regexp_split_to_array('hello world', E'\\s+')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>{hello,world}</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>regexp_split_to_table(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>pattern</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
> [, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>flags</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>setof text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Split <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> using a POSIX regular expression as
        the delimiter.  See <A
HREF="functions-matching.html#FUNCTIONS-POSIX-REGEXP"
>Section 9.7.3</A
> for more
        information.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>regexp_split_to_table('hello world', E'\\s+')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>hello</TT
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>world</TT
></P
> (2 rows)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>repeat(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>number</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>Repeat <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> the specified
       <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>number</TT
> of times</TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>repeat('Pg', 4)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>PgPgPgPg</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>replace(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>from</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>to</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>Replace all occurrences in <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> of substring
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>from</TT
> with substring <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>to</TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>replace('abcdefabcdef', 'cd', 'XX')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>abXXefabXXef</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>reverse(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>str</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Return reversed string.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>reverse('abcde')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>edcba</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>right(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>str</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
         <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>n</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Return last <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>n</I
></TT
> characters in the string. When <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>n</I
></TT
>
        is negative, return all but first |<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>n</I
></TT
>| characters.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>right('abcde', 2)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>de</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>rpad(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>length</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>
        [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>fill</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></SPAN
>])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Fill up the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> to length
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>length</TT
> by appending the characters
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>fill</TT
> (a space by default).  If the
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> is already longer than
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>length</TT
> then it is truncated.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>rpad('hi', 5, 'xy')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>hixyx</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>rtrim(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>
         [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>characters</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></SPAN
>])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Remove the longest string containing only characters from
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>characters</TT
> (a space by default) from the end of
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>rtrim('trimxxxx', 'x')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>trim</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>split_part(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>delimiter</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>field</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>Split <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> on <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>delimiter</TT
>
        and return the given field (counting from one)
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>split_part('abc~@~def~@~ghi', '~@~', 2)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>def</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>strpos(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>substring</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Location of specified substring (same as
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>position(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>substring</TT
> in
         <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>)</TT
>, but note the reversed
        argument order)
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>strpos('high', 'ig')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>2</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>substr(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>from</TT
> [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>count</TT
></SPAN
>])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Extract substring (same as
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>substring(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> from <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>from</TT
> for <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>count</TT
>)</TT
>)
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>substr('alphabet', 3, 2)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ph</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>to_ascii(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>
        [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>, <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>encoding</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></SPAN
>])</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>       Convert <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> to <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>ASCII</ACRONYM
> from another encoding
       (only supports conversion from  <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN1</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN2</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN9</TT
>,
       and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1250</TT
> encodings)
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>to_ascii('Karel')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>Karel</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>to_hex(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>number</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>int</TT
>
        or <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>bigint</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>Convert <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>number</TT
> to its equivalent hexadecimal
        representation
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>to_hex(2147483647)</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>7fffffff</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>        
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>translate(<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>from</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>to</TT
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>)</CODE
></TT
>
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
></TD
><TD
>        Any character in <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>string</TT
> that matches a
        character in the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>from</TT
> set is replaced by
        the corresponding character in the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>to</TT
>
        set. If <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>from</TT
> is longer than
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>to</TT
>, occurrences of the extra characters in
        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
>from</TT
> are removed.
       </TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>translate('12345', '143', 'ax')</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>a2x5</TT
></TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>   See also the aggregate function <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>string_agg</CODE
> in
   <A
HREF="functions-aggregate.html"
>Section 9.18</A
>.
   </P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="CONVERSION-NAMES"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 9-7. Built-in Conversions</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Conversion Name
        <A
NAME="AEN9558"
HREF="#FTN.AEN9558"
><SPAN
CLASS="footnote"
>[a]</SPAN
></A
>
       </TH
><TH
>Source Encoding</TH
><TH
>Destination Encoding</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ascii_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQL_ASCII</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ascii_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQL_ASCII</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>big5_to_euc_tw</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>BIG5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_TW</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>big5_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>BIG5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>big5_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>BIG5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>euc_cn_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_CN</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>euc_cn_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_CN</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>euc_jp_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_JP</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>euc_jp_to_sjis</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_JP</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SJIS</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>euc_jp_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_JP</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>euc_kr_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_KR</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>euc_kr_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_KR</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>euc_tw_to_big5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_TW</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>BIG5</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>euc_tw_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_TW</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>euc_tw_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_TW</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>gb18030_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>GB18030</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>gbk_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>GBK</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_10_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN6</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_13_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN7</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_14_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_15_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN9</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_16_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN10</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_1_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN1</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_1_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN1</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_2_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN2</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_2_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN2</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_2_to_windows_1250</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN2</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1250</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_3_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN3</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_3_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN3</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_4_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN4</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_4_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN4</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_5_to_koi8_r</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>KOI8R</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_5_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_5_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_5_to_windows_1251</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1251</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_5_to_windows_866</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN866</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_6_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_6</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_7_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_7</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_8_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>iso_8859_9_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>johab_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>JOHAB</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>koi8_r_to_iso_8859_5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>KOI8R</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_5</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>koi8_r_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>KOI8R</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>koi8_r_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>KOI8R</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>koi8_r_to_windows_1251</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>KOI8R</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1251</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>koi8_r_to_windows_866</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>KOI8R</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN866</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>koi8_u_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>KOI8U</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_ascii</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQL_ASCII</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_big5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>BIG5</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_euc_cn</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_CN</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_euc_jp</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_JP</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_euc_kr</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_KR</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_euc_tw</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_TW</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_iso_8859_1</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN1</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_iso_8859_2</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN2</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_iso_8859_3</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN3</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_iso_8859_4</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN4</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_iso_8859_5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_5</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_koi8_r</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>KOI8R</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_sjis</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SJIS</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_windows_1250</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1250</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_windows_1251</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1251</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>mic_to_windows_866</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN866</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>sjis_to_euc_jp</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SJIS</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_JP</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>sjis_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SJIS</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>sjis_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SJIS</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>tcvn_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1258</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>uhc_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UHC</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_ascii</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQL_ASCII</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_big5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>BIG5</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_euc_cn</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_CN</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_euc_jp</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_JP</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_euc_kr</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_KR</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_euc_tw</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_TW</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_gb18030</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>GB18030</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_gbk</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>GBK</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_1</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN1</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_10</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN6</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_13</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN7</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_14</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_15</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN9</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_16</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN10</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_2</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN2</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_3</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN3</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_4</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN4</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_5</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_6</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_6</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_7</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_7</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_iso_8859_9</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN5</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_johab</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>JOHAB</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_koi8_r</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>KOI8R</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_koi8_u</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>KOI8U</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_sjis</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SJIS</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_tcvn</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1258</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_uhc</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UHC</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_windows_1250</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1250</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_windows_1251</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1251</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_windows_1252</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1252</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_windows_1253</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1253</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_windows_1254</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1254</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_windows_1255</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1255</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_windows_1256</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1256</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_windows_1257</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1257</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_windows_866</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN866</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>utf8_to_windows_874</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN874</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_1250_to_iso_8859_2</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1250</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LATIN2</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_1250_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1250</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_1250_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1250</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_1251_to_iso_8859_5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1251</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_5</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_1251_to_koi8_r</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1251</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>KOI8R</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_1251_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1251</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_1251_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1251</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_1251_to_windows_866</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1251</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN866</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_1252_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1252</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_1256_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1256</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_866_to_iso_8859_5</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN866</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO_8859_5</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_866_to_koi8_r</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN866</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>KOI8R</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_866_to_mic</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN866</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MULE_INTERNAL</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_866_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN866</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_866_to_windows_1251</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN866</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>windows_874_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN874</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>euc_jis_2004_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_JIS_2004</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ut8_to_euc_jis_2004</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_JIS_2004</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>shift_jis_2004_to_utf8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SHIFT_JIS_2004</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ut8_to_shift_jis_2004</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SHIFT_JIS_2004</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>euc_jis_2004_to_shift_jis_2004</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_JIS_2004</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SHIFT_JIS_2004</TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>shift_jis_2004_to_euc_jis_2004</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SHIFT_JIS_2004</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_JIS_2004</TT
></TD
></TR
></TBODY
><TR
><TD
COLSPAN="3"
>Notes:<BR><A
NAME="FTN.AEN9558"
>a. </A
>          The conversion names follow a standard naming scheme: The
          official name of the source encoding with all
          non-alphanumeric characters replaced by underscores, followed
          by <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>_to_</TT
>, followed by the similarly processed
          destination encoding name. Therefore, the names might deviate
          from the customary encoding names.
         <BR></TD
></TR
></TABLE
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